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#Message Digest

2 articles with this tag.

Hash Functions Intermediate

The RIPEMD-160 Algorithm

RIPEMD-160 is a 160-bit hash function that runs two independent lines of 80 steps over every block and then merges them. Learn how its padding, rounds, and combine step work, why Bitcoin still uses it, and how it compares with SHA-1.

Oct 12, 2026 18 min read

Hash Functions Intermediate

The SM3 Algorithm

SM3 is the Chinese national standard hash function. It looks like SHA-256 at first glance, but its message expansion, step function, and 16 rounds of pure XOR are different. Learn how it works step by step, with every intermediate value checked against the standard.

Oct 12, 2026 14 min read

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