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6 articles with this tag.
BIKE is a post-quantum key encapsulation scheme built on codes with a sparse parity-check matrix. Learn how its keys hide a sparse code in a dense one, how the Black-Gray-Flip decoder removes the error, why one flipped bit is rejected, and why NIST chose HQC instead.
30 min read
GeMSS is a post-quantum signature scheme whose signatures have only a few hundred bits and whose public key is a system of quadratic equations. Learn how a hidden polynomial over GF(2^n) becomes a signature, how the signer finds roots, and why NIST dropped the scheme after a key-recovery attack.
41 min read
Picnic is a post-quantum signature scheme built only from a block cipher and a hash function. Learn how a zero-knowledge proof about a secret LowMC key becomes a signature, how three simulated parties hide the key, why 219 repetitions are needed, and why NIST did not select it.
36 min read
In August 2025, NIST standardized a cipher small enough to run on a battery-powered sensor and simple enough to fit its whole state in five CPU registers. Learn how Ascon's sponge-based permutation delivers real authenticated encryption at a fraction of AES-GCM's footprint.
14 min read
The SHA-2 family of cryptographic hash functions is the gold standard for digital security today.
10 min read
SHA-3, also known as **Keccak** (pronounced 'ketchak'), is the newest member of the Secure Hash Algorithm family standardized by NIST.
11 min read
