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Learn about ADFGVX, the German WWI field cipher that combined Polybius-square fractionation with columnar transposition. It was considered so strong that French cryptanalyst Georges Painvin needed weeks to break a message that helped stop a 1918 offensive.
Learn about the Bifid cipher, Félix Delastelle's fractionating cipher that scrambles a Polybius square's coordinates across an entire message, defeating single-letter frequency analysis far more thoroughly than plain substitution.
Learn about the Nihilist cipher, the 19th-century Russian revolutionary cipher that turns a Polybius square into a polyalphabetic system by adding coordinate numbers together instead of shifting letters.
Learn about the Polybius square, the ancient Greek cipher that turns every letter into a pair of coordinates. It became the foundation for tap codes, telegraph ciphers, and the ADFGVX cipher.
