Discover Encryption Algorithms, How to break them, and Guides.
Showing 1-9 of 49 articles
In August 2025, NIST standardized a cipher small enough to run on a battery-powered sensor and simple enough to fit its whole state in five CPU registers. Learn how Ascon's sponge-based permutation delivers real authenticated encryption at a fraction of AES-GCM's footprint.
NIST's primary post-quantum signature standard works by signing, checking your own signature against a size limit, and throwing it away and starting over if it's too big. Learn how 'Fiat-Shamir with Aborts' turns a leaky lattice proof into a secure signature.
Falcon produces the smallest signatures of any NIST post-quantum standard — by solving a problem that broke the leading lattice signature schemes of the late 1990s/early 2000s. Learn the hash-and-sign paradigm, and why the naive version of it is fatally insecure.
FrodoKEM deliberately throws away the algebraic structure that makes lattice cryptography fast — trading performance for a security proof that rests on plain, 'vanilla' Learning With Errors. Learn how it works and why some cryptographers prefer that trade.
In March 2025, NIST picked a second code-based algorithm to back up Kyber — one that hides its noise completely differently from McEliece. Learn how HQC masks a public, unscrambled code with pure algebraic randomness instead.
The key encapsulation mechanism NIST chose to replace RSA and ECDH for general-purpose use. Learn how Kyber hides a noisy linear system inside a polynomial ring to get both lattice-hard security and real-world speed.
Before Kyber, before LWE was even named, NTRU showed that ordinary polynomial multiplication in the right ring could resist quantum attacks. Learn how NTRU hides a fast decryption trick behind a public convolution product.
Rainbow signed messages using polynomial equations so tangled that solving them looks impossible — until, in 2022, someone found a shortcut and broke it in a weekend on a laptop. Learn how it worked, and how it fell.
SABER reached the final round of NIST's post-quantum competition with a trick Kyber doesn't use: instead of adding random noise, it rounds numbers down and lets the rounding error itself do the job. Learn how Learning With Rounding works.
