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Stream Ciphers

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The RC4 Stream Cipher

RC4 was the simplest, fastest cipher of its era — powering SSL, WEP, and WPA for over a decade before a decade of accumulating bias attacks quietly killed it. Learn how it works and exactly why it's insecure today.

Stream Ciphers Intermediate

Salsa20 and ChaCha20

Designed by Daniel J. Bernstein as a fast, secure, RC4-free alternative for software encryption, ChaCha20 now secures TLS 1.3 and WireGuard alike. Learn how its add-rotate-XOR "quarter round" builds a full cipher from pure arithmetic.