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When DES's 56-bit key became too weak, the industry didn't design a new cipher from scratch — it just ran DES three times. Learn how Triple DES extended the life of the original standard for another two decades.
AES-GCM does two jobs at once: it hides your data AND proves nobody tampered with it. Learn how Galois/Counter Mode combines AES with GHASH authentication to become the default choice for TLS, IPsec, and disk encryption.
AES is the encryption algorithm that secures nearly everything: HTTPS traffic, encrypted disks, messaging apps, and government secrets alike. This comprehensive guide breaks down exactly how the Rijndael cipher transforms data, round by round.
Bruce Schneier designed Blowfish as a free, fast alternative to DES, with a distinctive twist: its own S-boxes are generated from the encryption key itself. Learn how it works and why it's still found in legacy systems today.
What if you already have AES in your system and don't want to bring in a separate hash function just for message authentication? CMAC builds a MAC directly from a block cipher instead.
The Data Encryption Standard ruled cryptography for over two decades. Learn how its Feistel network works, why its 56-bit key ultimately doomed it, and why it still matters as the foundation for 3DES and AES.
IDEA was one of the first ciphers to mix three completely different mathematical operations within a single round. Learn how this Swiss-designed algorithm became a mainstay of early PGP, and why it eventually gave way to AES.
Twofish was Bruce Schneier's answer to Blowfish's biggest weakness — and one of the five finalists in the competition that ultimately chose AES. Learn how its Feistel network, PHT mixing, and key-dependent S-boxes work.
