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DSA was the U.S. government's answer to a simple question: how do you prove a message came from you, without RSA's patent? Learn how the Digital Signature Algorithm works, and why a single reused number sank Sony's PS3 security.
ECC gets RSA-level security from far smaller keys. Here's the curve math behind it, and why it now powers most of the web.
EdDSA replaced random nonces with deterministic ones, closing off one of ECDSA's worst failure modes. Here's the math behind Ed25519.
ElGamal turns Diffie-Hellman key exchange into full public-key encryption. Here's how the discrete-log problem protects every message it sends.
Schnorr signatures are what DSA might have been if a 20-year patent hadn't gotten in the way. Simpler, provably secure, and now at the heart of Bitcoin's Taproot upgrade: here's how they work.
