Basic Classic Symmetric Beginner
The Affine Cipher
Learn about the Affine cipher, a generalization of the Caesar cipher that combines multiplication and addition to create a larger, but still breakable, keyspace.
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#Modular Arithmetic
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Basic Classic Symmetric Breakers Intermediate
Breaking the Hill Cipher
Every other breaker on this site attacks ciphertext alone, guessing at a key through brute force or statistical search. The Hill cipher doesn't need any of that. Its encryption is pure linear algebra, so a handful of known plaintext letters is enough to solve for the entire key matrix directly.